Which process involves destroying all microorganisms and viruses on an object?

The process of sterilization is defined as the complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, on an object or surface. This is a critical practice in veterinary medicine and surgical settings where the prevention of infection is paramount. Sterilization can be achieved through various methods, including autoclaving, dry heat, or chemical sterilants, ensuring that instruments and surfaces are free from any viable microorganisms before use.

In contrast, disinfection refers to eliminating many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on an object or surface. Cleaning involves removing dirt and organic matter but does not necessarily kill microorganisms. Sanitation reduces the number of germs and is more general, often aimed at maintaining a certain level of safety, rather than achieving complete sterility. Understanding the differences among these processes is essential for maintaining proper hygiene and preventing infections in veterinary practice.