Which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased production of insulin?

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by decreased production of insulin, particularly in type 1 diabetes, where the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin due to the immune system attacking the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and a gradual decrease in insulin production also play pivotal roles. This deficiency in insulin contributes to poor regulation of blood glucose levels, leading to the symptoms and complications associated with diabetes.

On the other hand, hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, which can be a consequence of diabetes or other conditions but does not specifically indicate a lack of insulin production. Metabolic syndrome encompasses a cluster of conditions—like increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels—that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes but does not inherently signify decreased insulin production. Chronic renal failure relates to the kidneys' decreased ability to filter waste from the blood and does not primarily involve insulin production. Thus, diabetes mellitus is the most accurate choice regarding decreased insulin production.