What type of immunity is transferred from one animal to another, commonly through colostrum shortly after birth?

The correct choice is passive immunity because it specifically refers to the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. In the context of mammals, this commonly occurs through colostrum, which is the first milk produced by a mother after giving birth. Colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins that provide newborns with immediate protection against pathogens they may encounter in their environment.

This type of immunity is temporary, as the antibodies received do not result from the newborn's own immune response but instead come from the mother. The newborn benefits from this immunity until its own immune system matures, typically within the first few weeks of life.

Active immunity, on the other hand, occurs when an individual’s immune system produces its own antibodies in response to exposure to pathogens or vaccination. Adaptive immunity involves a more nuanced response that tailors itself to specific pathogens over time. Innate immunity refers to the natural defenses present from birth, which include physical barriers and generalized responses to pathogens. None of these alternatives involve the transfer of immunity via colostrum, which is why passive immunity is the most accurate answer.