What is the process of destroying most microorganisms on nonliving things called?

The process of destroying most microorganisms on nonliving things is referred to as disinfection. Disinfection involves the use of chemical agents, such as disinfectants, to eliminate a significant number of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby making surfaces safer for use. This process does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially bacterial spores, but it reduces the microbial load to a level that is considered safe for public health.

Understanding the distinction between disinfection and the other terms is important. Sanitation typically refers to the reduction of microbial levels to safe standards, often used in food service and public health, rather than the complete destruction aimed for in disinfection. Sterilization is a more rigorous process that eliminates all forms of microbial life, including spores, and is used for surgical instruments and certain medical procedures. Cleaning refers to the physical removal of dirt and organic matter but does not necessarily kill microorganisms. Thus, disinfection is specifically designed to target the reduction of harmful microorganisms on surfaces, making it the correct choice in this context.